Yes, there are a number of foot conditions that can cause ball-of-foot pain.
Fat pad atrophy is a common example of such a foot condition. Every person has a natural layer of fat in their foot under the heel and ball-of-foot to help absorb impact shock on the foot; fat pad atrophy is the thinning of this fat pad, which leads to more impact shock on the structure of the foot, which leads to pain and inflammation.
Arthritis can also cause ball-of-foot pain. There are a number of joints within the forefoot, and arthritis can cause these joints to become painful and cause pain within the ball of the foot.